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Legal Review by
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Updated by
Published on
September 13, 2016
July 18, 2022
Edited on
July 18, 2022
September 13, 2016
Loktak Lake in Manipur is the largest freshwater lake in Northeast India, marked by floating islands of biomass called _phumdis _by the local people. The lake is spread over 286 square kilometres, and the largest floating island on it, Keibul Lamjao, is the world's only floating national park, home to the endangered Sangai deer. Families living around the lake and on the _phumdis _depend on the lake for their living. In fact, about 12 lakh people in the state are said to be indirectly or directly dependent on Loktak Lake.
The state government introduced the Loktak Lake Protection Act in 2006 to conserve the lake and develop the area for tourism. The Act stated that "no person shall without the previous approval of the Authority obtain any lake resources” and also prohibited people from constructing houses on phumdis. Following this, in 2011, the houses of around 777 families in the _phumdis _were burnt down. Some moved to the side of the lake to continue fishing while some others shifted to other areas in the district in search of livelihood after they received some compensation from the state. Others refused to accept the compensation. Today, hardly 200 houses remain on the phumdis, and the residing families live in constant fear of eviction.
On August 3, 2016, authorities from the Loktak Development Authority (LDA) evicted several families around Sendra ground after the club of the ground wrote to the local administration in December 2014 seeking permission to open a parking lot for tourists. After a field survey in January 2015, officials asked the families to move, claiming that the land was government property. When they refused, they were forcefully evicted.
The fisherfolk have complained of a fall in the number of fish in the lake due to ecological damage. Several families are now moving away from the lake because of the dwindling supply of fish and the threat of eviction. Activists argue that a newly proposed plan called Loktak Manipur: An Integrated Plan for Wise Use (2020-2025) by Wetlands International South Asia and the LDA could be "ecologically disastrous and socially disruptive."
In 2020, the High Court of Manipur allowed the Government of Manipur to proceed with the implementation of the integrated plan.
On January 23, 2021, Manipur Chief Minister N. Biren sought intervention from the Centre to facilitate funding from the World Bank for the Loktak Lake Eco-Tourism project.
On February 25, 2022, the High Court directed all authorities to ensure that its 2019 order was implemented, and that no development or construction works would take place without permission from the court.
As of July 18, 2022, the office of the Loktak Development Authority has issued a notice for removing all 'unauthorised activities' within fifteen days for the ecological conservation of the lake - including traditional fisheries, huts, houses and homestays.
Demand for legal recognition of land rights
Demand to retain/protect access to common land/resources
Refusal to give up land for the project
Rural
Common
Non-Forest (Other than Grazing Land)
What was the action taken by the police?
How many people did the police detain or arrest?
What is the current status of the detained/accused persons?
Did the person face any violence while in police custody?
Did the person face any violence while in police custody?
If any arrests took place, were the accused persons produced before a judge within 24 hours of the arrest?
If the accused was not produced before a magistrate within 24 hours, or not produced at all, what were the reasons?
Legislation under which the accused was charged
Was the accused person informed of their right to legal representation? Did the accused person have access to legal aid?
In cases where the accused person approached the court for bail, was bail granted?
Why was bail granted or rejected? If granted, what were the bail conditions and quantum of bail?
Were there any other notable irregularities that took place, or other significant details?
Details of sources (names of accused, names and numbers of any lawyers, names of any police officers contacted)
Status of Project
Original Project Deadline
Whether the Project has been Delayed
Significance of Land to Land Owners/Users
Whether the project was stalled due to land conflict
Source/Reference
Total investment involved (in Crores):
₹
1350
Type of investment:
Cost of Project
Year of Estimation
2020
Page Number In Investment Document:
Has the Conflict Ended?
When did it end?
Why did the conflict end?
Categories of Legislations Involved in the Conflict
Environmental Laws, Forest and Scheduled Area Governance Laws
Legislations/Policies Involved
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Whether claims/objections were made as per procedure in the relevant statute
What was the claim(s)/objection(s) raised by the community?
What was the Decision of the Concerned Government Department?
Legal Processes and Loopholes Enabling the Conflict:
Non-rehabilitation of displaced people
Lack of legal protection over land rights
Forced evictions/dispossession of land
Non-payment of compensation/promised compensation
Incorrect estimation of compensation
Legal Status:
In Court
Status of Case In Court
Pending
Whether any adjudicatory body was approached
Name of the adjudicatory body
Name(s) of the Court(s)
Manipur High Court
Case Number
MCPIL 16 of 2019, PIL 24 of 2017
Main Reasoning/Decision of court
Major Human Rights Violations Related to the Conflict:
Torching of houses
Whether criminal law was used against protestors:
No
Reported Details of the Violation:
In 2011, the LDA burnt around 700 huts on the Phumdis, providing little time and compensation to the people to evacuate.
Date of Violation
November 14, 2011
Location of Violation
Loktak Lake
Nature of Protest
Complaints/petitions/letters/memorandums to officials
Refusal of compensation
Government Departments Involved in the Conflict:
Loktak Development Authority, Gram Panchayat
PSUs Involved in the Conflict:
Did LCW Approach Government Authorities for Comments?
Name, Designation and Comment of the Government Authorities Approached
Corporate Parties Involved in the Conflict:
Public private partnership for tourism(Sendra Park and Resort by The Classic)
Did LCW Approach Corporate Parties for Comments?
Communities/Local Organisations in the Conflict:
Residents of Moirang, Ngamee Lup
What was the action taken by the police?
How many people did the police detain or arrest?
What is the current status of the detained/accused persons?
Did the person face any violence while in police custody?
If any arrests took place, were the accused persons produced before a judge within 24 hours of the arrest?
If the accused was not produced before a magistrate within 24 hours, or not produced at all, what were the reasons?
Legislation under which the accused was charged
Was the accused person informed of their right to legal representation? Did the accused person have access to legal aid?
In cases where the accused person approached the court for bail, was bail granted?
Why was bail granted or rejected? If granted, what were the bail conditions and quantum of bail?
Were there any other notable irregularities that took place, or other significant details?
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